HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Biology 270

Lecture Test 1

Multiple choice. Select the one best answer. Return this test booklet, unmarked, when you finish the test. Removing a test booklet will be considered a violation of the Honor Code. Your signature next to your printed name on the front of your answer card signifies that you have abided by the James Madison University honor code.

 

  1. Physiology

a.       emphasizes cause-and-effect mechanisms

b.      includes the fields of chemistry and psychology

c.       ignores the scientific method

d.      ultimately strives to understand the functions of individual cells

e.       is based on the assumption that life is a result of vital forces

  1. Which of the following is not an element of a control system?

a.       set point indicator

b.      variable

c.       effector

d.      integration system

e.       sensor

  1. A variable changes in one direction and the system responds by changing in the same direction. This type of control is said to be

a.       negative feedback

b.      positive feedback

c.       intermittent feedback

d.      cyclic feedback

e.       reverberating feedback

  1. A decrease in mean arterial pressure is detected by

a.       an effector

b.      an integrating center

c.       a sensor

d.      a chemical messenger

e.       a transmitter

  1. Negative feedback is not involved in the regulation of

a.       body temperature

b.      blood glucose concentration

c.       blood calcium concentration

d.      blood clotting

e.       blood pH

  1. In negative feedback mechanisms, if a sensor detects an increase in a variable, the action of an effector is

a.       unchanged

b.      increased

c.       decreased

d.      amplified

e.       modulated

  1. The Father of Modern Physiology is

a.       Bernard

b.      Aristotle

c.       Wohler

d.      Cannon

e.       Garrison

  1. Extrinsic control of organ systems is provided by
      1. nerves
      2. hormones
      3. blood

a.       I

b.      II

c.       I and II

d.      I, II, and III

e.       III

  1. A patient is admitted to the hospital after swallowing hot coffee. Which tissue type will be most directly affected by the burn?

a.       muscle

b.      nervous

c.       connective

d.      epithelial

e.       none of the above

  1. Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a liquid extracellular matrix?

a.       Bone

b.      Blood

c.       Adipose

d.      Irregular dense and connective tissue

e.       Areolar connective tissue

  1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cardiac muscle?

a.       The cells are branched

b.      Striations are visible microscopically

c.       Intercalated discs connect adjacent cells

d.      Each cell can contract individually to vary contraction strength

e.       Fibers anastomose

  1. Which organ system is primarily involved in protection and thermoregulation?

a.       The nervous system

b.      The digestive system

c.       The immune system

d.      The integumentary system

e.       The respiratory system

  1. A patient is admitted to the hospital for leukemia. Which tissue type will be most directly affected by the disease?

a.       muscle

b.      nervous

c.       connective

d.      epithelial

e.       none of the above

  1. Which type of chemical bond is most likely to produce a polar molecule?

a.       ionic

b.      covalent

c.       hydrogen

d.      van der Waals

e.       hydrophobic

  1. Which of the following is a charged particle found in the atomic nucleus?

a.       An electron

b.      A neutron

c.       A proton

d.      A quark

e.       An isotope

  1. Bonds that are formed between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in adjacent water molecules are called

a.       hydrogen bonds

b.      james bonds

c.       ionic bonds

d.      non-polar covalent bonds

e.       polar covalent bonds

  1. The type of bond found in sodium chloride is

a.       hydrogen bonds

b.      james bonds

c.       ionic bonds

d.      non-polar covalent bonds

e.       polar covalent bonds

  1. Which of the following would be most easily broken?

a.       hydrogen bonds

b.      james bonds

c.       ionic bonds

d.      non-polar covalent bonds

e.       polar covalent bonds

  1. Regarding acids and bases

a.       acids will increase the pH of a solution

b.      bases will decrease the pH of a solution

c.       acids will accept H ions in a solution

d.      bases will accept H ions in a solution

e.       bases will donate H ions in a solution

  1. pH = - log [H+]; therefore, a change of 2 pH units results in a ___-fold increase in [H+].

a.       2

b.      5

c.       10

d.      100

e.       1,000

  1. Peptide bonds are cleaved by the process of

a.       condensation

b.      hydrolysis

c.       dehydration synthesis

d.      aromatization

e.       scission

  1. In the formation of triglycerides

a.       hydroxyl and carbonyl groups interact

b.      amino and carbonyl groups interact

c.       carboxyl and amino groups interact

d.      carboxyl and hydroxyl groups interact

e.       keto and hydroxyl groups interact

  1. Saturated fatty acids

a.       contain hydroxyl groups

b.      are usually liquid at room temperature

c.       contain a maximal number of hydrogen atoms

d.      contain one or more double bonds

e.       are completely surrounded by water

  1. Which of the following is not an organic macromolecule (large molecule)

a.       carbohydrate

b.      lipid

c.       protein

d.      nucleic acid

e.       ethanol

  1. A lack of cellular protein synthesis could result in

a.       a lack of transport of specific molecules into a cell

b.      an increase in the amount of enzymatic reactions occurring within the cell

c.       starvation

d.      an accelerated immune response by the body

e.       an increase responsiveness of the cell to external stimuli

  1. Water achieves its greatest density at 4° C, which is slightly above freezing. If water reached its maximum density at 0° C. Life as we commonly know it would not exist because

a.       all water on Earth would exist as ice

b.      the temperature on Earth would be 0° C

c.       water would be too dense to support life

d.      the water would absorb too much heat

e.       the water would release too much heat

  1. Protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells are called

a.       oxidases

b.      reductases

c.       catalyases

d.      enzymes

e.       zymogens

  1. Which of the following is not true for enzymes?

a.       Speed up chemical reactions

b.      Not used up or changed by reactions

c.       Do not change reactions

d.      Do not determine direction of reactions

e.       Do not need energy

  1. When an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction

a.       the enzyme is used up by the reaction

b.      the enzyme bind to the substrate’s active site

c.       the enzyme’s active site binds the product

d.      amino acids in the substrate allow for interaction with the product

e.       amino acid in the enzyme’s active site interact with substrate molecules

  1. Cooling an enzyme will slow the reaction because

a.       enzymes are denatured by cold

b.      too few molecules have enough energy to react

c.       the conformation of the enzyme will be altered

d.      the conformation of the substrate will be altered

e.       the substrate will still fit into the reactive site, but the enzyme will not be induced to fit the substrate

  1. Excessively heating an enzyme will slow the reaction because

a.       enzymes are denatured by cold

b.      too few molecules have enough energy to react

c.       the conformation of the enzyme will be altered

d.      the conformation of the substrate will be altered

e.       the substrate will still fit into the reactive site, but the enzyme will not be induced to fit the substrate

  1. Exergonic reactions

a.       consume energy as they proceed

b.      release energy as they proceed

c.       are driven by endergonic reactions

d.      are exemplified by photosynthesis

e.       maintain a constant temperature during the reaction

  1. Maintenance of constant internal conditions is called

a.       hemopoiesis

b.      homeostasis

c.       hemostasis

d.      homosapiens

e.       homeopoiesis

  1. A(n) ______ would freely pass through the cell membrane.

a.       organic acid

b.      protein

c.       Na+ ion

d.      polysaccharide

e.       steroid

  1. Cells actively involved in secreting proteins would contain large numbers or quantities of

a.       mitochondria

b.      lysosomes

c.       Golgi apparatus

d.      rough endoplasmic reticulum

e.       smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  1. Which of the following cellular organelles does not have a membrane as an integral part of its structure?

a.       ribosomes

b.      mitochondria

c.       Golgi apparatus

d.      lysosomes

e.       secretory vesicles

  1. Which of the following is not true for the ‘fluid-mosaic’ membrane model?

a.       has proteins embedded in the lipid layers

b.      has bimolecular layer of lipids

c.       is porous

d.      has the hydrophobic fatty acid chains of lipids exposed to the inside and outside of the cell

e.         is freely permeable to lipid-miscible substances such as CO2 and O2

  1. Kreb’s cycle operates twice for each molecule of glucose metabolized because

a.       glucose is energized with ATP

b.      glycerol from fat digestion is fed into the cycle

c.       momentum builds up as metabolism proceeds

d.      reduction of NAD+ drives the cycle

e.       glucose is split into 2 three-carbon molecules

  1. Aerobic respiration

a.       generates electricity

b.      generates lactic acid

c.       generates water

d.      generates oxygen

e.       generates glucose

  1. Glycolysis would be inhibited by

a.       a lack of pyruvate

b.        an excess of NAD+

c.       an excess of ATP

d.      an excess of ADP

e.       a lack of oxygen

  1. A total of _______ molecules of ATP are produced by glycolysis.

a.       1

b.      2

c.       3

d.      4

e.       5

  1. Cellular electron carriers include

a.       NAD+

b.      FAD

c.       NAD+ and FAD

d.      Coenzyme A

e.       ATP

  1. The end product of anaerobic respiration in muscles is

a.       lactic acid

b.      pyruvic acid

c.       acetyl CoA

d.       O2

e.       H2O

  1. In the metabolism of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, _______ molecules of carbon dioxide are produces by Kreb's cycle.

a.       0

b.      2

c.       4

d.      6

e.       8

  1. NADH produced during glycolysis generates only 2 ATPs during aerobic respiration because

a.       it is used to convert pyruvic into lactic acid

b.      its electrons are passed to FAD inside mitochondria

c.       NAD+ reduced during glycolysis is fundamentally different from NAD+ inside mitochondria

d.      its reduction in glycolysis requires one ATP, so there is a net production of only 2 ATPs

e.       actually FAD is used during glycolysis

  1. During aerobic respiration NADH results in the production of a total of ____ ATPs.

a.       28

b.      24

c.       36

d.      38

e.       14

  1. Each turn of Kreb’s cycle produces

a.       2 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 4 NADH

b.      1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 4 NADH

c.       3 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 1 NADH

d.      1 FADH2, 3 ATP, and 2 NADH

e.       1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 2 NADH

  1. Certain vitamins are important for cellular metabolism because

a.       metabolism is inefficient if one is not healthy

b.      they prevent cellular diseases

c.       they are used directly or indirectly as cofactors for enzymes

d.      they serve as a source of energy for chemical reactions

e.       they help maintain the functional integrity of mitochondria

  1. Activity of the electron transport chain

a.       causes decrease cytosolic pH

b.      causes increase cytosolic pH

c.       increases intracellular oxygen

d.      decreases intracellular water

e.       reduces the concentration of NADH

  1. The iron-containing, pigmented proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane involved in electron transport are called

a.       cytochromes

b.      phytochromes

c.       pigment systems

d.      oxido-reductases

e.       nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide