Key to TEST 2
The correct answer is given along with the page in the Coursepak (#20) that relates to the question.
Biology 351, Introduction to Ecology, Test 2, 100 points. 14 October 2002
Multiple choice (Questions 1-25 are worth 3 points each.):
1. _________________ and its biota were a source of inspiration to Charles Darwin as he formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection.
D, page 48
a. Antarctica
b. Australia
c. The Orkney Island
d. The Galapagos Islands
e. The California Channel Islands
2. In the studies of the peppered moth in England, it was demonstrated that the selective agent leading to changes in color form was:
A, page 50
a. predation by birds
b. poisoning of moths caused by industrial pollution
c. indiscriminant use of pesticides
d. all of the above
3. An interesting and gratifying footnote to the long-term study of the peppered moth has been the recent:
C, page 50
a. increase in the melanistic form
b. stabilization of the melanistic form
c. decline of the melanistic form
d. demonstration that coloration in peppered moths has no selective value
4. You have recently produced clones of a particular goldfish genotype. This genotype is found in nature in habitats where the water temperature is typically about 25oC. Two of these cloned individuals, A and B, are raised under identical conditions at 25oC. Goldfish A is then acclimated to 5oC, while goldfish B is left at 25oC. Each goldfish is then evaluated for swimming speed at the temperature at which it was acclimated. Which fish swims faster?
B, page 65
a. goldfish A b. goldfish B c. swimming speed is equivalent in both goldfish
5. Which of the following is not a resource for terrestrial plants?
D, page 67
a. nitrogen b. light c. water d. temperature e. space
6. Which of the following is not a renewable resource for a species of predatory bird?
D, page 66 (nest sites are considered "space")
a. prey b. water c. oxygen d. nest sites
7. The equations for competition between species are based on which of the following?
C, page 67 -- The exponential equation is NOT correct because it does not contain the 'K' parameter. The 'K' parameter is necessary in the interspecific competition equations.
a. energy balance equation
b. exponential population growth equation
c. logistic population growth equation
d. life table equation
8. In the competition model presented in class, aij means
A, page 67
a. the effect of species j on species i
b. the effect of species i on species j
c. carrying capacity of species j
d. the number of individuals of species i
9. Which of the following make(s) coexistence of species 1 and 2 more likely?
D, page 68
a. higher values of r1 relative to r2
b. more similar initial values of N1 and N2
c. higher value of K2 relative to K1
d. lower values of both a12 and a21
e. all of the above
10. In the rocky intertidal zone studied by Connell, which factors were found to control the vertical zonation of barnacles?
D, page 71
a. competition b. allelopathy
c. differential tolerance of stressful conditions
d. a and c e. b and d
11. Natural selection requires:
E, page 49
a. survival of the fittest
b. phenotypic variation
c. differences in fitness related to phenotypes
d. a and b
e. b and c
12. In taxa with both asexual and sexual species, asexual species tend to have lower parasite loads:
B, false, page 54
a. true b. false
13. Sexual reproduction is thought to be advantageous
E, page 54
a. in constant environments
b. in unpredictably changing environments
c. in parasite rich environments
d. a and b
e. b and c
14. Sexual selection is
C, page 54
a. female choice
b. male choice
c. an evolutionary process that leads to exaggerated secondary sexual traits
d. natural selection
15. In the experiment testing aspects of sexual selection with barn swallows:
D, page 55, 56
a. males’ tails were experimentally elongated
b. males with experimentally elongated tails paid no cost of the longer tail
c. males with elongated tails obtained mates more quickly
d. a and c
e. b and c
16. Which of the following statements is true:
D, page page 57
a. a polygynous individual forms a pair bond with several males
b. a polyandrous individual forms a pair bond with several females
c. a promiscuous individual forms a pair bond with many others
d. a polygamous individual forms a pair bond with >1 individual of the opposite sex
17. Which of the following behaviors is not seen in the natural world:
B, page 58
a. cooperation b. spitefulness c. selfishness d. grooming
18. Altruism can evolve when:
A, page 59
a. C < Br b. C>Br c. Cr>B d. Cr<B
19. Which of the following statements is true:
C, page 62
a. regulators are poikilotherms
b. conformers are homeotherms
c. ectotherms rely on external sources of heat to maintain an elevated body temperature
d. endothermy requires little metabolism of energy
20. An example of acclimation is:
B, page 65
a. migration
b. growing thicker fur
c. hibernation
d. diapause
21. Iteroparity is
D, lecture notes
a. breeding once and then dying
b. reducing age at first reproduction
c. a tendency to increase reproductive effort
d. breeding more than once during a reproductive lifetime
22. Delayed reproduction is selected for when
E, lecture notes
a. the environment is harsh and unpredictable
b. individuals need experience to raise offspring
c. older individuals have larger fecundities
d. a and b
e. b and c
23. Semelparity is selected for when:
A, lecture notes
a. the probability of juvenile survival is high and the probability of adult survival is low
b. the probability of juvenile survival is high and the probability of adult survival is high
c. the probability of juvenile survival is low and the probability of adult survival is high
d. the environment is favorable for adults
24. For birds, age at maturity
A, lecture notes
a. varies directly with annual survival rates
b. varies inversely with annual survival rates
c. is unrelated to annual survival rates
25. Which of the following represents a life-history trade-off
C, lecture notes
a. individuals that produce larger numbers of offspring also grow more
b. individuals that produce larger numbers of offspring also survive better
c. individuals that produce larger numbers of offspring grow less than individuals that produce smaller numbers of offspring
d. individuals that produce larger numbers of offspring at time t also have larger numbers of offspring at time t+1
Essay question. Answer one (1) of the following questions in the space provided (25 points).
26. Bullfrogs and green frogs are possible competitors in Michigan. Design an experiment, using techniques of experimental design, to test for the presence of competition among these species.
27. Discuss the hawk-dove game and explain why cooperative behavior among nonrelatives is difficult to evolve.
See representative answers on a bulletin board across from Burruss 215.