Renfroe's Test Review
TEST 3
MEDICINAL PLANTS
What Do I Know?
What is the oldest known recorded reference to medicinal plants?
What is an herbal, during what time did they first appear and what was the age of herbals?
What natural plant gum is used as a binder in tablets, and for suspending oral antibiotics?
What natural plant gum is used as an emulsifier for fat-soluble vitamins?
What is the active ingredient of castor oil that is responsible for its purgative properties?
What is the agent responsible for leprosy (Hansen's disease) and what is the plant oil used in Africa and Asia to treat the disease?
What is the source of quinine and for what disease is it used?
What is the plant source of ephedrine?
Salix alba is a source of what compound, and for what is it used?
Erythroxylum coca is a source of what compound that is used as a local anesthetic?
Saponins and sapogenins are used to synthesize what human chemical group?
What compounds constitute the cardiac glycosides and what effects do they have on human physiology?
What are the three main alkaloids obtained from the opium poppy?
Which tropane alkaloid is used to prevent motion sickness?
Which tropane alkaloid is used to treat Parkinson's disease?
What product from Cinchona stops heart irregularities such as flutter and arrhythmia?
What product from Rauwolfia is used to treat schizophrenia?
What plant is the source of chemicals processed into teniposide for cancer treatment?
Papaya is the source of what enzyme used to digest spinal cartilage?
What Do I Understand?
Who was Theophrastus and what was his contribution to botanical science?
What was the doctrine of signatures and what was its effect on medicinal uses of plants?
What group of organisms are most affected by steroids produced by plants?
Ephedrine can lead to cardiac arrest if taken in excess because it is structurally similar to what compound that occurs in vertebrates?
What is the difference in a given compound being a medicine or a poison?
Why were armadillos used as test subjects for research on Hansen's disease?
How Can I Connect and Apply What I Know?
What percentage of the world's population depends on herbal medicine today?
Approximately what percentage of major modern pharmaceuticals have a plant compound as the primary active ingredient?
How can I promote conservation of areas that are likely to be promising sources of future medicines (e.g., tropical forests, coral reefs, etc.)?
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS & POISONS
What Do I Know?
What is the active ingredient in marijuana?
To what brain receptor does THC bind?
What are some of the potential medicinal uses of marijuana?
Where are the major sources of THC in the marijuana plant?
What is hashish?
What is sinsemilla?
What is bhang?
Who were the principal parties in the Opium Wars?
What is laudanum?
Morphine can be chemically modified to form what analgesic?
Cocaine is obtained from what plants?
How is cocaine treated to produce crack?
What dosage of cocaine causes heart failure?
To what transporters does cocaine bind?
What carcinogenic compound that is banned from food or drugs is allowed as an additive to tobacco products?
How quickly is nicotine detectable in the blood stream following inhalation of cigarette smoke?
How much nicotine is potentially delivered per cigarette and what is the daily dosage below which withdrawal symptoms develop?
For what is purified nicotine used?
Caapi contains what compounds that mimic seratonin?
What compound does mescal contain that is responsible for respiratory failure?
Ololiuqui contains what hallucinogenic compound?
What is the active compound in peyote cacti?
What is the source of pyrethrums and for what are they used?
What Do I Understand?
What are some of the potential medicinal uses of marijuana?
Why do natives mix an alkaline powder with coca leaves when chewing them?
Name at least three diseases or adverse medical conditions for which tobacco use is responsible.
What tropane alkaloid is associated with witch's sabbats and how was it used?
How Can I Connect and Apply What I Know?
Who were the principal parties in the Opium Wars?
How did the commercial trade of opium change the course of history between the east and the west?
How much money can a farmer make per acre by growing coca plants and how much money per acre would they make by growing substitute crops?
What common name of Datura has its origin in Virginia history?
What is the species of hemlock that produced the poison used to kill Socrates?
STIMULATING BEVERAGES
What Do I Know?
What are the three major stimulating beverages on the market today?
How soon after ingestion can caffeine be detected in the bloodstream?
What are some symptoms produced by excess caffeine?
What does a diuretic do?
What species of coffee accounts for 90% of the world's market share?
How long does it take for the fruit of a coffee tree to mature?
How many seeds are in each fruit of the coffee tree and what are they commonly called when marketed?
How is instant coffee and tea produced?
What solvents have been used for coffee decaffeination and which one has been implicated in destruction of the ozone layer?
How often can Camellia sinensis be picked during the growing season?
What are the major steps in producing green tea?
What are the major steps in producing black tea?
What three components are most responsible for the taste and stimulating effect of teas?
What two stimulants are in kola?
Theobromine, isolated from cacao, is converted into what stimulating chemical?
How many flower cycles per year do cacao plants have, and by what agent are they pollinated?
What are cacao nibs?
What are the ingredients from which chocolate candy is made?
What cholesterol-lowering compound is in chocolate?
What Do I Understand?
How has the ability to self-fertilize had a role in the history of coffee production?
The ripe fruit of the coffee tree is called a cherry but is really what kind of fruit?
What is the difference in how light and dark-roasted coffee is produced?
How is coffee water-decaffeinated? (What kind of solution is required for water extraction of caffeine?)
"Kola nuts" are actually what part of the plant?
How is chocolate liquor obtained?
How is chocolate dutched?
How Can I Connect and Apply What I Know?
With regard to tea production, to what does such labels as Darjeeling and Assam refer?
How did coffee, an Ethopian plant, end up being a major crop in South America?
What are the potential benefits of including dark chocolate as a component of your diet?
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
What Do I Know?
What phytohormone stimulates synthesis of amylase from the grain aleurone layer?
Bitter resins and essential oils used for flavoring beer are produced in the glands of what plant?
During anaerobic fermentation each molecule of glucose produces how many molecules of ethanol, how many molecules of carbon dioxide, and how many molecules of ATP?
Ethanol can accumulate to what percentage during yeast fermentation?
What is mead?
Wines are produced from fermentation of what?
What water-borne diseases were prevalent in western civilizations that made many municipal water sources unsafe?
What is meant by a still wine?
What is meant by a fortified wine?
What is the source of starch for the production of sake?
What is the used to break starch down into sugars for the production of sake?
What is the whiskey produced by roasting malt over peat fires?
What is the flavoring agent of gin?
What is fermented in the production of rum?
Tequila is distilled from what?
What Do I Understand?
How is malted barley produced?
What is the function of a fermentation lock during brewing of beer?
How is sediment removed after secondary fermentation in the production of quality champagnes?
Why is white oak used to store and age distilled alcohols?
How Can I Connect and Apply What I Know?
Why was wine a safer alternative than municipal water supplies in ancient western civilations?
Why are most grapes for wine-production produced on plants with grafted rootstocks?
What are some of the major social problems associated with alcohol consumption?
What condition results from the exposure of a fetus to alcohol during pregnancy?
FIBERS, DYES, AND TANNINS
What Do I Know?
What are some of the economic uses of plant fibers?
What are the three main sources (types) of textile fibers?
What is meant by retting, scutching, and hackling in reference to fiber extraction?
What are non-weavable fibers such as those of milkweed and kapok used for?
Cotton linters are used in the production of what product?
How many species of cotton are extant, and how many are used for textile production?
Which species of cotton is most important economically?
Why are cotton plants defoliated or dessicated prior to harvest?
What is meant by carding, roving and plying in the production of cotton yarn?
What kinds of materials are used as sizings in the textile industry?
What is mercerization?
How are permanent press textiles obtained?
What is sanforizing?
What is coir and from what plant is it obtained?
What are bast fibers?
For what kinds of products are jute, flax, hemp, and ramie fibers used?
What is linsey-woolsey?
Which source of bast has the longest fibers?
What two genera are the source of commercially important leaf fibers?
What products are made from Manila hemp?
What plant dye is used to color butter, margarine and cheese?
What is tanning?
How are tannins obtained?
What Do I Understand?
What are some basic differences between plant and animal fibers?
What is the adaptive significance of fibers on seeds and in fruits?
How are leaves decorticated to produce fibers?
How are seed fibers obtained by ginning?
What is the function of a mordant in dyeing?
How Can I Connect and Apply What I Know?
What was the economic impact of the invention of the cotton gin to the US?
How was henna used in Greece and Egypt that is similar to a current use?
How is the kapok plant connected to life preservers?
How did tannin production in the Appalachians influence the birth of modern forestry in the U.S.?