Wk

Date

Lecture (L)/seminar (s): Topic

Readings

 

 

 

 

1

Jan. 7

Introduction

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Origin and Evolution of Metamorphosis

 

 

 

 

 

2

Jan. 14

L: Metamorphosis: definitions and criteria

Alberch, P. (1989). Development and the evolution of amphibian metamorphosis. In Trends in Vertebrate Morphology. H. Splechtna and H. Hilgers. Stuttgart, Gustav Fischer Verlag. 35: 163-173. Pp. 163-165 only.

Rose, C. S. and J. O. Reiss (1993). Metamorphosis and the vertebrate skull: Ontogenetic patterns and developmental mechanisms. In The Skull Vol. 1: Development. J. Hanken and B. K. Hall. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press. 289-346. Pp. 289-291 only.

Cohen, J. (1985). Metamorphosis: introduction, usages, and evolution. In Metamorphosis. M. Balls and M. Bownes. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 1-19. Pp. 1-5

Moran, N. A. (1994). "Adaptation and constraint in the complex life cycles of animals." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 573-600. Pp. 573-578.

Youson, J. H. (1988). First metamorphosis. In Fish Physiology Vol. 11B. W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall. San Diego, Academic Press. 135-196. Pp. 135-143.

McEdward, L. R. and Janies, D. A. (1993). Life cycle evolution in asteroids: what is a larva? 184, 255-268. Pp. 259-261 only.

 

 

 

 

2

Jan. 16

L: Diversity in larval forms and metamorphic life histories: protostomes 1

Rose, C.S. in press. Origin and Evolution of Metamorphosis. Encyclopedia of Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Nielsen, C. (1994). Larval and adult characters in animal phylogeny. American Zoologist 34, 492-501.

 

 

 

 

3

Jan. 23

L: Diversity in larval forms and metamorphic life histories: deuterostomes, plus insects

Nijhout, H. F. (1994). Insect Hormones. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Pp. 69-80.

Rose, C. S. and J. O. Reiss (1993). Metamorphosis and the vertebrate skull: Ontogenetic patterns and developmental mechanisms. In The Skull Vol. 1: Development. J. Hanken and B. K. Hall. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press. 289-346. Pp. 291-306 only.

Youson, J. H. (1988). First metamorphosis. In Fish Physiology Vol. 11B. W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall. San Diego, Academic Press. 135-196. Pp. 143-149.

Kendall, A. W., Jr., E. H. Ahlstrom, et al. (1984). Early life history stages of fishes and their characters. In Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes. H. G. Moser, W. J. Richards, D. M. Cohen et al. Lawrence, KS, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Special Publication No. 1: 11-22.

 

 

 

 

4

Jan. 28

L: Phylogenetic distribution of metamorphosis and hypotheses on its evolutionary origin(s)

Nielsen, C. (1998). "Origin and evolution of animal life cycles." Biol. Rev. 73: 125-155 (I've deleted the phylum descriptions).

Nielsen, C. (2000). "The origin of metamorphosis." Evolution and Development 2: 127-129.

Rieger, R. M. (1994). The biphasic life cycle – a central theme of metazoan evolution. American Zoologist 34, 484-491.

Raff, R. A. (1999). Cell lineages in larval development and evolution of echinoderms. In The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms, (ed. B. K. Hall and M. H. Wake), pp. 255-273. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 255-257 only.

 

 

 

 

4

Jan. 30

S: Williamson's theory for the horizontal transfer of larval stages

Williamson, D. I. (1992). Larvae and Evolution: Toward a New Zoology. London: Chapman and Hall (chapters 12, 13).

Strathmann, R. R. (1993). Larvae and evolution: toward a new zoology. Quarterly Review of Biology 68, 280-282. (review of book)

Williamson, D. I. (2001). Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, 111-122.

 

 

 

 

5

Feb 4

L: Garstang: how to lose a larva/metamorphosis and form a new taxa

Kardong, K.V. 2002. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, pp. 71-79 (Chordate Origins)

Garstang, W. 1985. Larval forms anjd other Zoological Verses: Introduction by A. Hardy. University of Chicago Press.

Gould, S.J. 1977. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Harvard Universituy Press, pp. 277-282

Gee, H. 1996. Before the Backbone, Views on the Origins of the Vertebrates, Chapman and Hall,l pp. 289-291

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ecological significance, control of metamorphosis

 

 

 

 

 

5

Feb 6

L: Ecological theories for the origin and maintenance of a metamorphosis/complex life history

Harris, R. N. (1999). The anuran tadpole: evolution and maintenance. In Tadpoles: The Biology Of Anuran Larvae, (ed. R. W. McDiarmid and R. Altig), pp. 279-294. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 279-280, 288-294

Moran, N. A. (1994). "Adaptation and constraint in the complex life cycles of animals." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 573-600.

 

 

 

 

6

Feb. 11

L: Environmental causes of variation in age and size of metamorphosis: models, consequences of variation for fitness

Harris, R. N. (1999). The anuran tadpole: evolution and maintenance. In Tadpoles: The Biology Of Anuran Larvae, (ed. R. W. McDiarmid and R. Altig), pp. 279-294. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 280-288

Wilbur, H.M. and Collins, J.P. (1973). Ecological aspects of amphibian metamorphosis. Science 182: 1305-1314..

 

 

 

 

6

Feb. 13

S: Experimental evidence for/against different models

Alford, R. A. and Harris, R. N. (1988). Effects of larval growth history on anuran metamorphosis. American Naturalist 131, 91-106.

Smith-Gill, S.J and Berven, K.A. (1979). Preddicting amphibian metamorphosis. American Naturalist 113: 563-585

 

 

 

 

7

Feb. 18

S: Ecological theories for the evolution of facultative paedomorphosis in salamanders

Whiteman, H. H. (1994). Evolution of facultative paedomorphosis in salamanders. Quarterly Review of Biology 69, 205-221.

Ryan, T. J. and Semlitsch, R. D. (1998). Intraspecific heterochrony and life history evolution: Decoupling somatic and sexual development in a facultatively paedomorphic salamander. PNAS 95, 5643-5648.

 

 

 

 

7

Feb. 20

Continuation of above

Hentschel, B.T. 1999. Complex life cycles in a variable environment: predicting when the timing of metamorphosis shifts from resource dependent to developmentally fixed. Amer. Nat 154: 549-558

 

 

 

 

8

Feb. 25

Summary of ecological models from a developmental perspective

  

 

 

 

  

8

Feb. 27

Role of phylogeny in the evolution of larval period

Buchholz, D.R. and T.B. Hayes. 2002. Evolutionary patterns of diversity in spadefoot toad metamorphosis (Anura: Pelobatidae). Copeia 2002: 180-189

 

March break

    

 

 

Developmental structure of metamorphosis

  

9

Mar. 11

L: Hormonal regulation in vertebrates: metamorphic versus nonmetamorphic animals

Rose, C. S. (1999). Hormonal control in larval development and evolution - Amphibians. In The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms, (ed. B. K. Hall and M. H. Wake), pp. 167-216. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 167-181 only.

Youson, J. H. (1997). Is lamprey metamorphosis regulated by thyroid hormones? American Zoologist 37, 441-460.

 

 

 

 

9

Mar. 13

S: How might hormonal mechanisms be involved in the origin and diversification of metamorphic vertebrates and the origin of amniotes?

Jennings, D. H. and Hanken, J. (1998). Mechanistic basis of life history evolution in anuran amphibians: thyroid gland development in the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 111, 225-232.

Rose, C. S. (1999). Hormonal control in larval development and evolution - Amphibians. In The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms, (ed. B. K. Hall and M. H. Wake), pp. 167-216. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 181-205 only.

Callery, E. M. and Elinson, R. P. (2000). Thyroid hormone-dependent metamorphosis in a direct developing frog. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, 2615-2620.

Callery, E. M., Fang, H. and Elinson, R. P. (2001). Frogs without polliwogs: Evolution of anuran direct development. BioEssays 23, 233-241.

Voss, S. R., Shaffer, H. B., Taylor, J., Safi, R. and Laudet, V. (2000). Candidate gene analysis of thyroid hormone receptors in metamorphosing vs. nonmetamorphosing salamanders. Heredity 85, 107-114.

Youson, J. H. and Sower, S. A. (2001). Theory on the evolutionary history of lamprey metamorphosis: role of reproductive and thyroid axes. Comparatve Biochemistry and Physiology Part B 129, 337-345.

 

 

 

 

10

Mar. 18

L: Molecular basis of thyroid hormone action in metamorphic and nonmetamorphic vertebrates

Brown, D. D., Wang, Z., Kanamori, A., Eliceiri, B., Furlow, J. D. and Schwartzman, R. (1995). Amphibian metamorphosis: A complex program of gene expression changes controlled by the thyroid hormone. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 50, 309-315.

Shi, Y.-B. (2000). Amphibian Metamorphosis: From Morphology to Molecular Biology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 6 (Gene regulation by thyroid hormone), Chapter 8 (Competence and tissue-specific temporal regulation of amphibian metamorphosis)

Screiber, A. M., Das, B., Huang, H., Marsh-Armstrong, N. and Brown, D. D. (2001). Diverse developmental programs of Xenopus laevis metamorphosis are inhibited by a dominant negative thyroid hormone receptor. PNAS 98, 10739-10744.

Yamano, K. and Miwa, S. (1998). Differential gene expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha and beta in fish development. General and Comparative Endocrinology 109, 75-85.

Billon, N., Tokumoto, Y., Forrest, D. and Raff, M. (2001). Role of thyroid hormone receptors in timing oliodendrite differentiation. Developmental Biology 235, 110-120.

 

 

 

 

10

Mar. 20

L: Hormonal regulation of insect development

Nijhout, H. F. (1999). Hormonal control in larval development and evolution - Insects. In The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms, (ed. B. K. Hall and M. H. Wake), pp. 217-254. San Diego: Academic Press.

 

 

 

 

11

Mar. 25

S: Evolution of holometablous development from hemimetabolous development

Truman, J. W. and Riddiford, L. M. (1999). The origins of insect metamorphosis. Nature 401, 447-452.

Svácha, P. (1992). What are and what are not imaginal discs: reevaluation of some basic concepts (Insecta, Holometabola). Developmental Biology 154, 101-117.

 

 

 

 

11

Mar. 27

S: Role of environment in regulating metamorphoses (just an eclectic selection of papers here since subject is way too big to do justice to it in this course)

Veldhoen, N. and Helbing, C. C. (2001). Detection of environmental endocrine-disruptor effects on gene expression in live Rana catesbeiana tadpoles using a tail fin biopsy technique. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 2704-2708.

Denver, R. J. (1999). Evolution of the corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling system and its role in stress-induced phenotypic plasticity. Neuropeptides: Structure and Function in Biology and Behavior 897, 46-53.

Gilbert, S.F. Precocenes and synthetic JH http://www.devbio.com/chap18/link1804.shtml

Kupferberg, S. J. (1997). "The role of larval diet in anuran metamorphosis." 37: 146-159.

Wassersug, R. J. (1997). Where the tadpole meets the world-Observations and speculations on biomechanical and biochemical factors that influence metamorphosis in anurans. American Zoologist 37, 124-136.

 

 

 

 

12

Apr. 1

L: A new developmental theory for the origin of primary metamorphosis based on changes in cell lineage and genetic patterning mechanisms

Davidson, E. H., Peterson, K. J. and Cameron, R. A. (1995). Origin of bilateral body plans: evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms. Science 270, 1319-1325.

Peterson, K. J., Cameron, R. A. and Davidson, E. H. (1997). Set-aside cells in maximal indirect development: evolutionary and developmental significance. BioEssays 19, 623-631.

Peterson, K. J., Cameron, R. A. and Davidson, E. H. (2000). Bilaterian origins: significance of new experimental observations. Developmental Biology 219, 1-17.

 

 

 

 

12

Apr. 3

S: When are larval and adult developmental programs truly separate enough at genetic and cellular levels to allow for their complete decoupling?

Cohen, J. and B. D. Massey (1983). Larvae and the origins of major phyla. Biol. J. Linnean Society 19: 321-328.

Cohen, J. (1985). Metamorphosis: introduction, usages, and evolution. In Metamorphosis. M. Balls and M. Bownes. Oxford, Clarendon Press: 1-19.

Alberch, P. (1989). Development and the evolution of amphibian metamorphosis. In Trends in Vertebrate Morphology. H. Splechtna and H. Hilgers. Stuttgart, Gustav Fischer Verlag. 35: 163-173.

Rose, C. S. and J. O. Reiss (1993). Metamorphosis and the vertebrate skull: Ontogenetic patterns and developmental mechanisms. In The Skull Vol. 1: Development. J. Hanken and B. K. Hall. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press. 289-346. Pp. 318-322 only.

Parichy, D. M. (1998). Experimental analysis of character coupling across a complex life cycle: pigment pattern metamorphosis in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum. 237, 53-67.

Raff, R. A. (1999). Cell lineages in larval development and evolution of echinoderms. In The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms, (ed. B. K. Hall and M. H. Wake), pp. 255-273. San Diego: Academic Press.

 

 

 

 

 

 

S: How do the assumptions of the ecological models comply with the developmental data?

Gene regulation papers on relationship between growth and development

 

 

 

 

13

Apr. 8

Functional significance of metamorphosis

 

 

 

 

 

13

Apr. 10

S: When does larval experience carry over to affect adult performance?

Emerson, S. B. (1986). Heterochrony and frogs: the relationship of a life history trait to morphological form. American Naturalist 127, 167-183.

Relyea, R. A. (2001). The lasting effects of adaptive plasticity: predator-induced tadpoles become long-legged frogs. Ecology 82, 1947-1955.

Pechenik, J. A., Wendt, D. E. and Jarrett, J. N. (1998). Metamorphosis is not a new beginning, larval experience influences juvenile performance. Bioscience 48, 901-909.

 

 

 

 

14

Apr. 15

S: Evolutionary trends towards specialization of larval and adult morphologies and behaviors

Wassersug, R. J. and Hoff, K. (1982). Developmental changes in the orientation of the anuran jaw suspension. In Evolutionary Biology, vol. 15 (ed. M. K. Hecht B. Wallace and G. T. Prance), pp. 223-246. New York: Plenum.

 

 

 

 

14

Apr. 17

S: How does having a larval stage constrain adult functions?

Wake, D. B. (1982). Functional and Developmental Constraints and Opportunities in the Evolution of Feeding Systems in Urodeles. In Environmental Adaptation and Evolution, (ed. D. Mossakowski and G. Roth), pp. 51-66. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.

Roth, G. and Wake, D. B. (1989). Conservation and innovation in the evolution of feeding in vertebrates. In Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates, Dahlem Konferenzen, (ed. D. B. Wake and G. Roth), pp. 7-21. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

 

 

    

15

 

S: Summary and synthesis of what we have learned

 

 

 

  

 
   

S: Triggering/activation mechanisms in marine invertebrates

Chino, Y., Saito, M., Yamasu, K., Suyemitsu, T. and Ishihara, K. (1994). Formation of the adult rudiment of sea urchins is influenced by thyroid hormones. Developmental Biology 161, 1-11.

Saito, M., M. Seki, et al. (1998). Induction of metamorphosis in the sand dollar Peronella japonica by thyroid hormones. Development Growth & Differentiation 40(3): 307-312.

Pires, A., R. P. Croll, et al. (2000). Catecholamines modulate metamorphosis in the opisthobranch gastropod Phestilla sibogae. Biological Bulletin 198(3): 319-331.